In 2024, Africa witnessed a record number of internet shutdowns as governments increasingly restricted online access. A report by Access Now and the #KeepItOn coalition revealed 21 shutdowns in 15 African nations, surpassing previous records set in 2020 and 2021. The restrictions were imposed as authorities sought to control information flow during critical moments, such as elections and political unrest. This alarming trend reflects an escalating disregard for digital rights across the continent.
Governments and Militias Drive Shutdowns, Violating Rights and Suppressing Digital Freedoms
While governments were the primary instigators of internet shutdowns, non-state actors, including militias, also played a role. Countries like Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, and Mauritius joined the list of repeat offenders, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, and Equatorial Guinea.
Even telecommunications providers, which complied with government orders, were criticized for enabling these rights violations. According to Felicia Anthonio of Access Now, such actions contradict the UN’s guiding principles on business and human rights, which emphasize corporate responsibility in upholding citizens’ freedoms.
Africa Sets Record for Internet Shutdowns in 2024 as Governments Tighten Digital ControlThe majority of internet blackouts were linked to conflicts, protests, and political instability. Governments strategically used shutdowns to suppress dissent, limit communication, and control election outcomes. The global trend also saw an increase, with 296 shutdowns across 54 countries in 2024, compared to 283 in 39 countries the previous year. These figures highlight the growing weaponization of internet access as a means to maintain governmental control and stifle opposition.
Prolonged Shutdowns Deepen Isolation, Economic Struggles, and Digital Rights Concerns in Africa
Some internet shutdowns in Africa lasted for over a year, severely impacting citizens’ access to information and communication. By early 2025, Meta’s social platforms remained restricted in Uganda despite discussions with authorities. On the island of Annobon in Equatorial Guinea, residents had been cut off since August 2024 due to protests over environmental concerns.
These prolonged shutdowns have not only isolated communities but have also worsened economic and social conditions, demonstrating the far-reaching consequences of digital blackouts.
In response to the escalating crisis, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) adopted a resolution in March 2024 to combat internet shutdowns. However, the trend persisted, especially during elections. Felicia Anthonio acknowledged the resolution as a positive step for advocacy but emphasized that its effectiveness remains uncertain.
Despite ongoing challenges, there were instances where governments, such as those in Mauritius and South Sudan, reversed their shutdown decisions, offering a glimmer of hope for digital rights across the continent.
